CONTENTS

Acknowledgments....................4

Introduction.......................5

1. The Variety of the Images of

Morality........................7

2. Functional and Substantial

Approaches

to Understanding Morality......15

3.

Part I............................32

Chapter 1. From Nature to Society

32

1. The Postulates of Biologism

In Ethics......................35

2. Sociobiological Subjects In

Ethics.........................37

3. Sociobiology in the Light of

Moral Philosophy...............44

Chapter 2. From Barbarism to

Civilization...................62

1. Starting Points...............64

2. Thomas Hobbes: From the State

of Nature

to the Social Contract.........69

3. The Sociocultural Sense of

Transfer.......................72

4. Separation....................79

5. Vladimir Soloviov on the

Unity of the Gene..............86

6. Morality and Religion.........89

Chapter 3. From Infancy to

Maturity.......................98

1. Maternalism...................99

2. Female and Male Morality.....106

3. Infantalism..................111

4. Solitude.....................115

5. Plenitude in Paradise, or the

"Golden Age"..................122

6. Towards the Assumption of

Innate Morality...............125

Part II..........................128

Chapter 4. The Notion of Morality

128

1. The Ideal....................129

2. Moral Ideas in Social and

Historical Context............134

3. Transcendent and Absolute

Morality......................141

4. The Universal and Particular

Dimensions of Morality........146

5. The "Coordinates" of Morality

153

Part III.........................156

Chapter 5. Hedonism - the Ethics

of Pleasure...................157

1.

158

2. The Controversies of Hedonism

161

3. Hedonist Value Orientations

168

4. The Tendencies of Hedonism.

Deviations, Greed,

and the Lust for Variety......175

5. Ethical Corrections..........185

6. Pleasure and Creative Self-

realization...................189

Chapter 6. Utilitarianism - the

Ethics of Utility.............197

1. The Principle of Utility.....198

2. The Tricks of Moralizing: Two

Doctrines.....................203

3. Utility - Social Virtue......214

4. Ethical Corrections..........233

Part IV..........................239

Chapter 7. Perfectionism - the

Ethics of Personal Perfection

239

1. The Idea of Moral Perfection

239

2. Ethics and Mysticism.........249

3. Asceticism...................257

4. Ascetic Morality.............263

5. The Paradoxes of Perfection

269

6. Ethical Corrections..........278

Chapter 8. Altruism - the Ethics

of Merciful Love..............280

1. Love as agape................280

2. Justice and Love.............294

3. Duty and Love................299

4. Criticism....................304

5. The Commandment of Love......308

6. Sham Boons. The Collisions of

Charity.......................312

7. The Phenomenon of

Philanthropy..................317

8. Empathy and Compassion.......325

9. Violence and the Good........328

10. The Imperatives of Mercy....334

As a Conclusion..................340

Nonviolence - the Moral Ground

for Social and

Political Activity............340